The following article appeared in the Autumn 1977 issue of of Baptist Reformation Review (Vol 6, No. 3, pp. 35-42).

Most of you did not read Dr. John R. de Witt's review of David Kingdon's book, Children of Abraham,  Carey Publications, Haywards Heath, Sussex, England.  Dr. de Witt's review article appeared in the Winter, 1975, issue of the Westminster Theological Journal.   This review of Dr. de Witt's review article was first published in the September-October, 1977, Issue of Reformation Today.   We ask those who read Reformation Today  to forgive us for the duplication, but we believe that this article should also be circulated in America.

A REVIEW REVIEWED

David Kingdon
Pretoria, South Africa

It is not often that a book of one hundred pages receives a review of seventeen large pages of small print.  Such has been my privilege(!). In the Winter 1975 issue of the Westminster Theological Journal,  Dr. John R. de Witt contributes a review article entitled "Children and the Covenant of Grace" of my book The Children of Abraham  (Carey Press, 1973).

Certain aspects of my book cause Dr.deWitt such distress that he feels it necessary to administer a public rebuke to me.  In particular my lack of respect for "holy and godly men" (p.248) amounting to "flippancy" and carelessness requires to be spoken against and rebuked.  Dr. de Witt also takes exception to my use of words such as "elation" and "diatribe."

Minor Criticisms
Before I repent in sackcloth and ashes, it needs to be ascertained whether de Witt's strictures are justified.  How am I guilty of disrespect when I use the word "elation" in the following sentence: "one can almost sense Professor Murray's elation as he throws out the following challenge to the Baptists"?  De Witt establishes his case to his satisfaction in the following statement: "Anyone in the least acquainted with Prof.  John Murray knows that he would take such a matter with the greatest seriousness, And he is not a man to feel cheap elation as he sets forth his case.  His interest is not that of a partisan, but that of the ascertainment of the truth" (p.246, my italics).  

Now let us see what de Witt has done.  He has inserted the prejudicial word "cheap" into his argument, thus implying that I accuse the late Prof.  Murray of harboring an unworthy emotion.  I do nothing of the sort, for the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary  defines elation as "elevation of mind arising from success" or "elevation of spirits," which it accepts as the usual current usage.  Now there is not a hint here that elation is a "cheap" emotion.  Nor does Dr. de Witt make it clear why a theologian who is sure of his ground, as Prof.  Murray was on the issue of baptism, should not feel elation.  And how does feeling elation establish that a man's interest is that of a partisan, unconcerned as to the ascertainment of the truth?  I feel elation as I preach the doctrines of grace, precisely because they are true.  I hope Dr. de Witt does too.

Dr. de Witt also objects to my employment of the word "diatribe" when I comment on a quotation from Pierre Marcel's book on baptism.  He gives what he describes as the current definition of a diatribe as "a bitter or abusive harangue." He does not specify his source, but in reply I will specify mine.  The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a diatribe as "a dissertation directed against some person or work; a bitter and violent criticism, an invictive."  Now what I meant to convey by the use of the word diatribe was the former part of the definition.  To my mind Marcel mounts a sharp attack on those who, to his view, divide the covenant.  Dr. de Witt has chosen the worst possible definition in order to set my remark in the worst possible light.

He also finds it as matter for complaint that I say, in reply to Marcel's strictures,that paedobaptists in their better moments that is when they are not having to defend infant baptism, speak of an external and internal participation in the covenant, adding that "there is no other interpretation that makes sense." According to de Witt I ought to have said there is no other interpretation which makes sense to me. However, he ignores the footnote on page 37, in which I quote Thomas Shepard, a staunch paedobaptist, to the effect "that many who are inwardly, or in respect of inward covenant, the children of the devil, are outwardly, or in respect of outward covenant, children of God." I can assure de Witt that many such statements of like import could be quoted from the writings of Reformed theologians.  But more to the point, can de Witt advance an interpretation of Gal.4:21-31 which denies that there is an external as well as an internal participation in the Covenant, and which does make sense?  Both Ishmael and Isaac received the rite of circumcision, but only Isaac participated inwardly in the covenant blessings.  Until he can, de Witt ought not to object where I say that "there is no other interpretation which makes sense."

It also concerns de Witt that I speak of "the lowest common denominator" approach to the whole issue of Christian unity.  He choose to interpret me as meaning that I think lightly of the unity which exists among Reformed brethren of both Baptist and non-Baptist persuasions.  I think nothing of the kind.  My remark was directed against thosewho think to advance the cause of  unity by glossing over certain differences.  These I specify in a sentence which de Witt forbears to quote, as being over the doctrine of the Church, and the subjects and mode of baptism (p.13).

I therefore hardly think it a fair reading of my remark for de Witt to conclude that "ln speaking so of our essential oneness Kingdon has struck a blow, not for unity among the true people of God, but for disunity; and to that extent he has done disservice to the Church as a whole and to his own connection in particularo (p.241). Let me ask de Witt the following question: Would he be prepared to be a member of a church which allowed its members, on the ground of Christian charity, to choose between either infant baptism or believers' baptism; between either doctrine of the Church which excludes the children of believers as such or a doctrine of the Church that includes them?  I suspect not, because de Witt's conscientious convictions are as deep as mine, and he recognizes that our differences preclude the enjoyment of full churchly unity.

De Witt also confesses to feeling "something akin to dismay" that I "assert the existence of a Calvinistic Baptist tradition, as if that possessed an individuality all its own and were self-originated and self-sustaining" (p.241). I presume that de Witt is aware that there are Arminian Baptists who believe that the only theological tradition in Baptist history is Arminianism.  Surely he would wish that they should be enlightened! Furthermore his theological predecessors have not been slow to hurl the epithet "Anabaptist" indiscriminately at all Baptists, whether Reformed or otherwise.  Nor have some hesitated to teach that "Anabaptists" should be put to death for practising believers' baptism.  In the light of these facts I think I may be pardoned if I assert the existence of a specifically Calvinistic Baptist tradition.  However, I defy de Witt to produce a scrap of evidence from my book to prove that I regard the Calvinistic Baptist tradition as possessing an individuality all of its own and that it is self-originated and self-sustaining.  I am only too happy to acknowledge its indebtedness to Reformed theology in general, but I fail to see how such indebtedness tells against the existence of a distinctively Calvinistic Baptist tradition.  It no more tells against the existence of such a tradition than does the term 'Southern Presbyterian' tell against the existence of a distinctive tradition within Presbyterianism in the Unted States.

It is unfortunate that I have had to spend so much time on matters of minor importance (and more could have been spent), but regrettably far too much of de Witt's review is taken up with carping criticism of the kind I have already mentioned.  So much of it seems to me to result from his attempt to lay down what I would describe as a theological smoke screen which hides his failure, by and large, to come to grips with the main contentions of my book.

Main Criticisms 
I come now to de Witt's main criticisms of my book.  They are two.  First, he maintains that I contradict myself in stating, on the one hand, that "circumcision may fairly be said to be the Old Testament counterpart of Christian baptism" (p.29), whilst on the other that I insist that circumcision and baptism are not identical in meaning (pp.33-34). According to de Witt I therefore take away with one hand what I have granted with the other.  And, though it distresses him to say so, I am in the sad company of those "who employ the terminology of the historic Christian faith" but "instead pour an entirely new content into the old words so that at last nothing remains of what was originally intended."

Secondly, de Witt argues that because I deny that the children of believers as such no longer have covenantal significance it follows that I deny that God works along the lines of generations, and that therefore I am guilty, in the end, of maintaining the old atomism of a purely individualistic doctrine of conversion.  He finds it significant that I should treat the subject of baptism without a single reference to the household passages, and he sees this omission as evidence of my "inability to see the covenant principle, the organic principle of God's working through lines of generations" (p.254).

Analogy Between Circumcision and Baptism 
That there is an analogy between circumcision and baptism I maintain in the second chapter against those who, for various reasons, deny that there is.  So I am happy to state that "it is plain that baptism is close in meaning to the symbolic significance of circumcision" (p.29).  But having done so I then proceed to say that "we must now enquire into the precise meaning and significance of that analogy" (p.29).  After examining Gen-17:1-14 and those passages of the New Testament which interpret circumcision, I point out that both the promise of the new covenant (Jer, 31:31-34) and the baptism of John indicate that the principle of birth connection is abrogated. (if my omission of the household passages is significant for de Witt, his silence about what I have to say concerning John's baptism is even more significant.)

It is clear that de Witt thinks that because I admit there is an analogy between circumcision and baptism that there is therefore, an identity of  meaning between the two rites, and thus infants should be baptized, because infants were circumcised under the old dispensation.  Had de Witt read my book more carefully than he appears to have done, he would have seen that on page 45 1 reject the notion that it is possible to speak of "an analogy between baptism and circumcison in terms of complete identity" (my italics).  In other words, to use the language of philosophy, I deny that between circumcision and baptism there is a univocal relationship.  Rather, I maintain that there is an analogical relationship, that is, that the spiritual meaning of circumcision, whilst taken up into baptism, is far transcended by it.

Because de Witt maintains an identity between circumcision an baptism, he argues that the children of believers ought to be baptized.  I argue to the contrary that this is not so. Circumcision had, as baptism does not, a physical and national reference (see page 31).  As such it was administered to the organ of generation, because in the Old Testament the covenant status was passed on from generation to generation by physical birth.  However, in the New Testament dispensation this is no longer the case, for it is only those who are Christ's who are Abraham's seed (Gal.3:29). In other words, covenant status now depends upon union with Christ.

Patrick Fairbairn points up the difference in situation between the Old and New Testament dispensations:

The difference in external form was in each case conditioned by the circumstances of the time.  In circumcision it bore respect to the propagation of offspring, as it was through the production of a seed of blessing that the covenant, in its preparatory form, was to attain its realization.  But when the seed in that respect had reached its culminating point in Christ, and the objects of the covenant were no longer dependent on national ropagation of seed, but were to be carried forward by spiritual means and influences used in connection with the faith of Christ, the external ordinance was fitly altered, so as to express simply a change of nature and state in the individual that received it.  Undoubtedly the New Testament form less distinctly recognises the connection between parent and chi;d - we should rather say, does not of itself recognise that connection at all;  so much ought to be frankly conceded to those who disapprove of the practice of infant baptism, and wir, be conceded by all whose object is to ascertain the truth rather than contend for an opinion. (Patrick Fairbairn: The Typology of Scripture, Oliphants edition, 1953, Vol I, pp.313-314, my italics, except the last.)

In fairness to Fairbairn it should be pointed out that he goes on to argue the case for baptizing infants on the ground that "it would be strange indeed if the liberty . . . to have their children brought by an initiating ordinance under the bond of the covenant, did not belong to parents under the Gospel" (p.315). However, he concludes that "since this is a matter of inference rather than of positive enactment, those who do not feel warranted to make such an application of the principle of the Old Testament ordinance to the New, should unquestionably be allowed their liberty of thought and action . . . ." (p.315).  Now the key issue which Fairbairn exposes is this: If circumcision "bore respect to the propagation of offspring" because from it "the seed of blessing" would arise in which the covenant " in its preparatory form, was to attain its realization," then was the principle of the application of the sign and seal of the covenant to infants intended to be carried over into the era of the new covenant?  Or to put the matter in another way:

Was the application of the sign and seal to infants under the old dispensation founded in an abiding principle of the covenant of grace, or was it found in a typical aspect of that new dispensation?  If the former is the case we may expect some parallel in the new dispensation, but, if the later, then there can be no prior assumption that the practice will be carried over to the new dispensation. (Stuart Fowler: Christian Baptism - A Reformed  Reply to a Reformed  Paedobaptist, Baptist Reformed Publications, Macleod West, Victoria, Australia, 1968, p.12).

Dr. de Witt simply assumes that the application of the sign and seal to infants under the old dispensation is founded in an abiding principle of the covenant of grace. So, for example, he says "there is surely something very wrong and very confused about the contention that together with a part of what was promiscd (the land of Canaan) a part of those to whom the whole of the promise was made also falls away (the infant children of believers)" (p.251). However, the issue which de Witt fails to face is this: If part of what was promised had a typical significance, could not the seed of Abraham have a typical significance as well?

It is my contention that the principle of applying the covenant sign of circumcision to male children (a point not sufficiently weighed in paedobaptist apologetic) was of typical significance, and therefore it no longer continues in force under the new dispensation.

Some of the evidence that the seed of Abraham had a typical significance is as follows.  First, circumcision was administered to the male organ of generation, pointing to the fact that the promise included the propagation of an elect natural seed to be the bearer of the oracles of God, and from which the Redeemer would arise.  That the covenant sign was not administered to female infants nor to eunuchs support this interpretation.  Second, the Apostle Paul clearly states that the seed of Abraham has typical significance when he declares that, first of all, it is Christ the seed who is in view: "Now to Abraham and his seed was the promise made.  He saith not, and to seeds, as of many, but as of one.  And to thy seed, which is Christ" (Gal. 3:16).  The consequence which follows is that all are Christ's, united with Him in the eternal covenant of redemption, and manifested by a saving faith, are embraced within the covenant seed (Gal.3:29, Rom.4:13-16; Rom.9:8).

In the covenant made with Abraham "the eternal, spiritual inheritance of an elect spiritual seed was represented in typical form by an elect natural seed to whom was vouchsafed a temporal, earthly inheritance.  It was on the basis of such a typical relationship that the sign and seal of the covenant was applied, not on any evidence of belonging to the spiritual seed, but to all those who belonged to the typical, natural seed" (Stuart Fowler, op cit, p.12).

When Christ, the substance, appeared, the necessity of representing a spiritual seed expecting a spiritual inheritance under the type of a natural seed expecting a temporal inheritance passed away.  As a consequence, circumcision, the outward sign and seal of the covenant made with Abraham, was no longer appropriate, and thus it passed away.  However, there is a further consequence, and this is crucial to the whole debate.  If it was the purpose of the Abrahamic covenant to exhibit under the typical form of an elect natural seed the spiritual seed to whom the spiritual blessings of the covenant of grace belong, then we would expect that when the new covenant sign of baptism was introduced, the stipulation that it be applied to those standing in a natural relationship to the covenant people would be dropped, and that it would from then on be applied to those who, by exhibiting the evidences of saving faith, are presumed to be of the seed to whom the covenant now properly belongs.

The interpretation that the Apostle Paul gives to the concept of 'the seed of Abraham' establishes the principle that the ordinance of baptism should now be applied only to those who show credible evidence of being in union with Christ, for only those in union with Him are Abraham's seed (Gal.3:29).  It follows therefore that it would be out of harmony with the character of the new dispensation to retain a natural connection of a typical character, as a prerequisite for now bestowing the sign and seal of baptism.  Such a connection was appropriate to the old dispensation, but it is inappropriate to the new.  What is not required is a prerequisite which more clearly and directly represents the spiritual character of the covenant, to which the typical relationship for so long pointed.  The New Testament leaves us in no doubt that such is nothing other than a credible profession of faith in Christ

Lines of Generations 
De Witt's second major criticism now remains to be evalueted.  Since I maintain that children as such no longer have covenantal significance it follows, according tode Witt, that I deny that God works along the lines of generations, and that therefore I am guilty, in the end, of maintaining a purely individualistic doctrine of conversion.

This kind of criticism is frequently employed against Baptists, sometimes with justification.  But is it justified in my case?  I believe not.  I ask Dr. de Witt, by what logic does it follow that to deny the inappropriateness of administering baptism to infants is also to deny that God works along the lines of generations?  I happen to believe that God continues to work, though not exclusively so, along the lines of generations, but I fail to see that because I reject the baptism of infants that I am obliged to deny that God works in families.  This no more follows than it follows from the denial of the Lord's Supper to infants (which is the usual Reformed practice) that the solidarity of the family is contraverted.  If Dr. de Witt feels (as I assume he does) that infants should be denied the Lord's Supper until such time as they make a credible profession of faith without seeing this as involving a denial that God works along the lines of generations, why should he argue that when baptism is denied to infants for the same reason there is necessarily implied an assertion that God does not work along the lines of generations?  This point is the more cogent in that Israelite children (Exod.12:26,27; cf Deut.6:20ff) did participate in the passover, as Jewish children do today.  If the argument from family solidarity holds good in the case of infant baptism it must surely hold good in the case of administering the Lord's Supper to infants, as one recent Reformed writer has clearly seen.

One of the great antipedobaptist arguments has always been that of reasoning would admit children to holy communion, which is a conclusion peclobaptists resist, thus calling in question their own premises. To this we reply that we do not resist the conclusion at all, but fully concede it, in principle, to admit all the baptised to Holy Communion. (Evangelical Essays On Church and Sacraments, ed. Colin Buchanan, S.P.C.K ., London, 1972, P-58).
	
Buchanan has appreciated what few Reformed theologians seem able to grasp, namely that if the solidarity of the family is a ground for not denying baptism to infants, it is also a ground for not denying them participation in the Lord's Supper as well.

A further point arises. If not to practice infant baptism as a Reformed Baptist I am left with the "same atomistic conception" (p.252) as that against which I protest at the beginning of my book, is not de Witt's refusal to allow infant communion not also based upon an atomistic and individualistic concept of conversion?  I point this out simply to illustrate how careful Dr. de Witt should be before throwing around such terms as "individualistic" and "atomistic," as if to suggest that all the corporate thinking is on his side and all the individualistic on mine!

Dr. de Witt sees great significance in the fact that I do not deal with the so-called "household baptisms" recorded in the New Testament.  This he interprets as further evidence of my "inability to see the covenant principle the organic principle of God's working through lines of generations" (p.254). It is in fact nothing of the kind.  I simply do not share his confidence that the household baptisms prove his case.  In this, of course, I am not alone, nor is this merely a confessional conclusion with the Baptists on one side and the non-Baptists on the other, as de Witt well knows.  The well known controversy between Kurt Aland and Joachim Jeremias, the former contending against the relevance of the household baptisms for infant baptism, and the latter for it, is summed up by a recent Anglican writer as follows: "Jeremias and Cullman (sic] on the one side and Aland and Beasley-Murray on the other have been fiercely locked in struggle about this particular issue that most of us may be forgiven if we react by saying that whoever is most right has clearly had to prove a very difficult case from highly debatable evidence" (Neville Cryer: By What rite? - Infant Baptism in a Missionary Situation , A.R. Mowbry & Co., London, 1969, p.56).

Thus, Dr. de Witt is not on such strong ground as he thinks when he gives the impression that the "household baptisms" of the New Testament prove his case.

Infant Salvation 
Finally, Dr. de Witt speaks with a confidence of the salvation of the children of believers which, it should be pointed out, is by no means shared by all of those who contend for the practice of infant baptism.  Children are "the special objects of God's covenantal love" with the implication, from the citation of Ps.103:17, 1 8, and Acts 2:39 that they will all be saved.  But if there are two seeds from Abraham, the prototype believing parent, how can there be such certainty?  Can de Witt show that there is now but one elect seed issuing from Christian parents?  Has God now abrogated the principle that from the father of believers there is a twofold issue, children of the flesh and children of promise?  If so, where in the New Testament do we find it abrogated?  And if it is not abrogated, then on the basis of de Witt's argument from silence it must still be reckoned to continue in force, with the consequence that his certainty is misplaced.

It is noteworthy that Herman Hoeksema, a doughty defender of infant baptism, does not share Dr. de Witt's confidence regarding the salvation of all the children of believers who die in infancy.  In his discussion on the issue he states the following:

By reason of the fact that the Lord establishes His covenant in the line of successive generations, believers will confess in gratitude before the Lord that He counts them worthy to bring forth the true seed of the covenant.  This seed of the covenant, however, does not consist of all children who are born of them, but only of the children of the promise.  Certain it is that believers also bring forth another seed.  Now, on this side of death and the grave fleshly ties may draw us, so that we say that we wish to see all our children saved, and do not wish that our own flesh and blood goes lost.  But, in the final analysis, also in this respect the righteous must live out of their faith, not from their flesh...  With objective certainty, therefore, there is nothing more to be said of children who die on their infancy than that the Lord saves His seed out of our seed.  (Herman Hoeksema: Believers and Their Seed, Reformed Free Publishing Association, Grand Rapids, 1971, pp. 157-158.)

I must close this review by expressing my regret that Dr. de Witt should see fit to draw a parallel between those who profess to accept the terminology of the historic Christian faith, but instead pour an entirely new content into the old words, and my own treatment of the concepts of covenant theology.  From one who preofesses to be concerned for the unity of Reformed brethren such a charge is reprehensible, assuming as it does a deliberate dishonesty on my part which brackets my arguments with the intentional confidence tricks of many modern "re-interpreters" of the Christian faith.  One can only express one's sense of shock and sorrow that such a charge should have been allowed to appear in so responsible a publication as the Westminster Theological Journal.

Interesting Conclusion by Radical Theologian
In his latest book, The Church in the Power of the Spirit (Harper and Row), Jurgen Moltmann makes a very controversial suggestion.  Says Time magazine: "In one aspect of doctrine, Moltmann has come to a radical conclusion for a theologian nurtured in a state church.  He argues that infant baptism should be phased out because it signifies ties to 'family, nation and society' as much as a person's identification with Christ.  The church, he says, should baptize only those who 'confess their faith.'  If Moltmann had added total immersion in water, a Southern Baptist would have felt right at home" (May 9, 1977).

Y Y Y & Y Y Y